1. Plasmind.
- they are found in bacterial cells
- they are a ring of DNA
- particularly small and dont carry many genes
2. Virus.
- it has a protein shell called a capsid and inside will be a nuclic acid. Possible DNA or RNA.
- it has no other cellular components. no cytoplasm, no nucleus, no other structures like this
3. Human Chromosome
- it is the length of DNA.
- the human chromosome is made of DNA
- the gene codes for the protein insulin which is a hormone controlling blood sugar levels
- the restriction enzyme is selected that can cut the DNA on two sides. Essentially, we are cutting out the gene for insulin
- the enzymes are called 'restriction enzymes'
- once the gene is cut, we progress to the stage where the plasmid is cut with exactly the same restriction enzyme
- this leaves the ring structure of the plasmid, broken.
- introduced into the cut plasmid, is the human insulin gene, remembering that the plasmid and the human gene is composed of DNA
- we leave the plasmid with the human gene inserted inside and necessary to complete the process by applying the second enzyme which is called the 'DNA ligase' enzyme which will join the DNA.
- this combination of the human gene and the plasmid DNA is known as 'Recombinant DNA'
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